Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species
Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species — unstable molecules that carry one or more unpaired electrons or reactive oxygen atoms, making them prone to reacting with and damaging nearby cell structures. In skin, they are generated by UV light, pollution, and normal metabolism, and in excess they contribute to oxidative stress and visible aging.
Key points
- Free radicals are highly reactive because they seek to pair their unstable electrons by taking them from other molecules.
- Reactive oxygen species are a broad group of oxygen-containing reactive molecules, some but not all of which are free radicals.
- They are produced both internally during cellular energy production and externally by UV exposure, pollution, and smoke.
- In excess they can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to collagen degradation and signs of premature aging.
Frequently asked
Are free radicals always harmful?
Not entirely; the body uses some reactive molecules for normal functions like immune defense and signaling, and harm arises mainly when they accumulate faster than antioxidants can neutralize them.
How do free radicals affect skin aging?
In excess they damage collagen, cell membranes, and DNA, which over time can contribute to wrinkles, loss of firmness, and uneven tone.
Related topics
This is a foundational entry in the SYNC Skin Encyclopedia and is expanded over time. Educational information only — not medical advice.
